In membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems, hollow fiber membranes play a crucial role in achieving high effluent quality. These structures provide a large space for microbial growth and optimally remove contaminants from wastewater. To maximize the performance of MBR systems, several strategies can be employed to tailor the characteristics of hollow fib

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employed for wastewater treatment offer several advantages over traditional methods. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely selected due to their high mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and fouling resistance. However, performance optimization of PVDF MBRs is crucial for achieving efficient wastewater